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1620 lines
69 KiB
1620 lines
69 KiB
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The Speakup User's Guide |
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For Speakup 3.1.2 and Later |
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By Gene Collins |
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Updated by others |
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Last modified on Mon Sep 27 14:26:31 2010 |
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Document version 1.3 |
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Copyright (c) 2005 Gene Collins |
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Copyright (c) 2008 Samuel Thibault |
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Copyright (c) 2009, 2010 the Speakup Team |
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or |
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any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no |
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Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A |
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copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free |
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Documentation License". |
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Preface |
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The purpose of this document is to familiarize users with the user |
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interface to Speakup, a Linux Screen Reader. If you need instructions |
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for installing or obtaining Speakup, visit the web site at |
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http://linux-speakup.org/. Speakup is a set of patches to the standard |
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Linux kernel source tree. It can be built as a series of modules, or as |
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a part of a monolithic kernel. These details are beyond the scope of |
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this manual, but the user may need to be aware of the module |
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capabilities, depending on how your system administrator has installed |
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Speakup. If Speakup is built as a part of a monolithic kernel, and the |
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user is using a hardware synthesizer, then Speakup will be able to |
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provide speech access from the time the kernel is loaded, until the time |
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the system is shutdown. This means that if you have obtained Linux |
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installation media for a distribution which includes Speakup as a part |
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of its kernel, you will be able, as a blind person, to install Linux |
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with speech access unaided by a sighted person. Again, these details |
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are beyond the scope of this manual, but the user should be aware of |
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them. See the web site mentioned above for further details. |
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1. Starting Speakup |
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If your system administrator has installed Speakup to work with your |
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specific synthesizer by default, then all you need to do to use Speakup |
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is to boot your system, and Speakup should come up talking. This |
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assumes of course that your synthesizer is a supported hardware |
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synthesizer, and that it is either installed in or connected to your |
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system, and is if necessary powered on. |
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It is possible, however, that Speakup may have been compiled into the |
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kernel with no default synthesizer. It is even possible that your |
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kernel has been compiled with support for some of the supported |
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synthesizers and not others. If you find that this is the case, and |
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your synthesizer is supported but not available, complain to the person |
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who compiled and installed your kernel. Or better yet, go to the web |
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site, and learn how to patch Speakup into your own kernel source, and |
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build and install your own kernel. |
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|
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If your kernel has been compiled with Speakup, and has no default |
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synthesizer set, or you would like to use a different synthesizer than |
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the default one, then you may issue the following command at the boot |
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prompt of your boot loader. |
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linux speakup.synth=ltlk |
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|
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This command would tell Speakup to look for and use a LiteTalk or |
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DoubleTalk LT at boot up. You may replace the ltlk synthesizer keyword |
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with the keyword for whatever synthesizer you wish to use. The |
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speakup.synth parameter will accept the following keywords, provided |
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that support for the related synthesizers has been built into the |
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kernel. |
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acntsa -- Accent SA |
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acntpc -- Accent PC |
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apollo -- Apollo |
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audptr -- Audapter |
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bns -- Braille 'n Speak |
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dectlk -- DecTalk Express (old and new, db9 serial only) |
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decext -- DecTalk (old) External |
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dtlk -- DoubleTalk PC |
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keypc -- Keynote Gold PC |
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ltlk -- DoubleTalk LT, LiteTalk, or external Tripletalk (db9 serial only) |
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spkout -- Speak Out |
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txprt -- Transport |
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dummy -- Plain text terminal |
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Note: Speakup does * NOT * support usb connections! Speakup also does * |
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NOT * support the internal Tripletalk! |
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Speakup does support two other synthesizers, but because they work in |
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conjunction with other software, they must be loaded as modules after |
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their related software is loaded, and so are not available at boot up. |
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These are as follows: |
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decpc -- DecTalk PC (not available at boot up) |
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soft -- One of several software synthesizers (not available at boot up) |
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See the sections on loading modules and software synthesizers later in |
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this manual for further details. It should be noted here that the |
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speakup.synth boot parameter will have no effect if Speakup has been |
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compiled as modules. In order for Speakup modules to be loaded during |
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the boot process, such action must be configured by your system |
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administrator. This will mean that you will hear some, but not all, of |
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the bootup messages. |
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2. Basic operation |
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Once you have booted the system, and if necessary, have supplied the |
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proper bootup parameter for your synthesizer, Speakup will begin |
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talking as soon as the kernel is loaded. In fact, it will talk a lot! |
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It will speak all the boot up messages that the kernel prints on the |
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screen during the boot process. This is because Speakup is not a |
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separate screen reader, but is actually built into the operating |
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system. Since almost all console applications must print text on the |
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screen using the kernel, and must get their keyboard input through the |
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kernel, they are automatically handled properly by Speakup. There are a |
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few exceptions, but we'll come to those later. |
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Note: In this guide I will refer to the numeric keypad as the keypad. |
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This is done because the speakupmap.map file referred to later in this |
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manual uses the term keypad instead of numeric keypad. Also I'm lazy |
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and would rather only type one word. So keypad it is. Got it? Good. |
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Most of the Speakup review keys are located on the keypad at the far |
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right of the keyboard. The numlock key should be off, in order for these |
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to work. If you toggle the numlock on, the keypad will produce numbers, |
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which is exactly what you want for spreadsheets and such. For the |
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purposes of this guide, you should have the numlock turned off, which is |
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its default state at bootup. |
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You probably won't want to listen to all the bootup messages every time |
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you start your system, though it's a good idea to listen to them at |
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least once, just so you'll know what kind of information is available to |
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you during the boot process. You can always review these messages after |
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bootup with the command: |
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dmesg | more |
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In order to speed the boot process, and to silence the speaking of the |
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bootup messages, just press the keypad enter key. This key is located |
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in the bottom right corner of the keypad. Speakup will shut up and stay |
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that way, until you press another key. |
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You can check to see if the boot process has completed by pressing the 8 |
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key on the keypad, which reads the current line. This also has the |
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effect of starting Speakup talking again, so you can press keypad enter |
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to silence it again if the boot process has not completed. |
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When the boot process is complete, you will arrive at a "login" prompt. |
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At this point, you'll need to type in your user id and password, as |
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provided by your system administrator. You will hear Speakup speak the |
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letters of your user id as you type it, but not the password. This is |
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because the password is not displayed on the screen for security |
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reasons. This has nothing to do with Speakup, it's a Linux security |
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feature. |
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Once you've logged in, you can run any Linux command or program which is |
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allowed by your user id. Normal users will not be able to run programs |
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which require root privileges. |
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When you are running a program or command, Speakup will automatically |
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speak new text as it arrives on the screen. You can at any time silence |
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the speech with keypad enter, or use any of the Speakup review keys. |
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Here are some basic Speakup review keys, and a short description of what |
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they do. |
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keypad 1 -- read previous character |
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keypad 2 -- read current character (pressing keypad 2 twice rapidly will speak |
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the current character phonetically) |
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keypad 3 -- read next character |
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keypad 4 -- read previous word |
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keypad 5 -- read current word (press twice rapidly to spell the current word) |
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keypad 6 -- read next word |
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keypad 7 -- read previous line |
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keypad 8 -- read current line (press twice rapidly to hear how much the |
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text on the current line is indented) |
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keypad 9 -- read next line |
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keypad period -- speak current cursor position and announce current |
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virtual console |
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It's also worth noting that the insert key on the keypad is mapped |
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as the speakup key. Instead of pressing and releasing this key, as you |
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do under DOS or Windows, you hold it like a shift key, and press other |
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keys in combination with it. For example, repeatedly holding keypad |
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insert, from now on called speakup, and keypad enter will toggle the |
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speaking of new text on the screen on and off. This is not the same as |
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just pressing keypad enter by itself, which just silences the speech |
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until you hit another key. When you hit speakup plus keypad enter, |
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Speakup will say, "You turned me off.", or "Hey, that's better." When |
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Speakup is turned off, no new text on the screen will be spoken. You |
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can still use the reading controls to review the screen however. |
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3. Using the Speakup Help System |
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In order to enter the Speakup help system, press and hold the speakup |
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key (remember that this is the keypad insert key), and press the f1 key. |
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You will hear the message: |
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"Press space to leave help, cursor up or down to scroll, or a letter to |
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go to commands in list." |
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When you press the spacebar to leave the help system, you will hear: |
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"Leaving help." |
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While you are in the Speakup help system, you can scroll up or down |
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through the list of available commands using the cursor keys. The list |
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of commands is arranged in alphabetical order. If you wish to jump to |
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commands in a specific part of the alphabet, you may press the letter of |
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the alphabet you wish to jump to. |
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You can also just explore by typing keyboard keys. Pressing keys will |
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cause Speakup to speak the command associated with that key. For |
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example, if you press the keypad 8 key, you will hear: |
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"Keypad 8 is line, say current." |
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You'll notice that some commands do not have keys assigned to them. |
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This is because they are very infrequently used commands, and are also |
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accessible through the sys system. We'll discuss the sys system later |
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in this manual. |
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You'll also notice that some commands have two keys assigned to them. |
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This is because Speakup has a built in set of alternative key bindings |
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for laptop users. The alternate speakup key is the caps lock key. You |
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can press and hold the caps lock key, while pressing an alternate |
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speakup command key to activate the command. On most laptops, the |
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numeric keypad is defined as the keys in the j k l area of the keyboard. |
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|
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There is usually a function key which turns this keypad function on and |
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off, and some other key which controls the numlock state. Toggling the |
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keypad functionality on and off can become a royal pain. So, Speakup |
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gives you a simple way to get at an alternative set of key mappings for |
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your laptop. These are also available by default on desktop systems, |
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because Speakup does not know whether it is running on a desktop or |
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laptop. So you may choose which set of Speakup keys to use. Some |
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system administrators may have chosen to compile Speakup for a desktop |
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system without this set of alternate key bindings, but these details are |
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beyond the scope of this manual. To use the caps lock for its normal |
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purpose, hold the shift key while toggling the caps lock on and off. We |
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should note here, that holding the caps lock key and pressing the z key |
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will toggle the alternate j k l keypad on and off. |
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4. Keys and Their Assigned Commands |
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In this section, we'll go through a list of all the speakup keys and |
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commands. You can also get a list of commands and assigned keys from |
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the help system. |
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The following list was taken from the speakupmap.map file. Key |
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assignments are on the left of the equal sign, and the associated |
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Speakup commands are on the right. The designation "spk" means to press |
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and hold the speakup key, a.k.a. keypad insert, a.k.a. caps lock, while |
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pressing the other specified key. |
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spk key_f9 = punc_level_dec |
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spk key_f10 = punc_level_inc |
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spk key_f11 = reading_punc_dec |
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spk key_f12 = reading_punc_inc |
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spk key_1 = vol_dec |
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spk key_2 = vol_inc |
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spk key_3 = pitch_dec |
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spk key_4 = pitch_inc |
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spk key_5 = rate_dec |
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spk key_6 = rate_inc |
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key_kpasterisk = toggle_cursoring |
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spk key_kpasterisk = speakup_goto |
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spk key_f1 = speakup_help |
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spk key_f2 = set_win |
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spk key_f3 = clear_win |
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spk key_f4 = enable_win |
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spk key_f5 = edit_some |
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spk key_f6 = edit_most |
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spk key_f7 = edit_delim |
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spk key_f8 = edit_repeat |
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shift spk key_f9 = edit_exnum |
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key_kp7 = say_prev_line |
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spk key_kp7 = left_edge |
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key_kp8 = say_line |
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double key_kp8 = say_line_indent |
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spk key_kp8 = say_from_top |
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key_kp9 = say_next_line |
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spk key_kp9 = top_edge |
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key_kpminus = speakup_parked |
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spk key_kpminus = say_char_num |
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key_kp4 = say_prev_word |
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spk key_kp4 = say_from_left |
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key_kp5 = say_word |
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double key_kp5 = spell_word |
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spk key_kp5 = spell_phonetic |
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key_kp6 = say_next_word |
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spk key_kp6 = say_to_right |
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key_kpplus = say_screen |
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spk key_kpplus = say_win |
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key_kp1 = say_prev_char |
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spk key_kp1 = right_edge |
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key_kp2 = say_char |
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spk key_kp2 = say_to_bottom |
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double key_kp2 = say_phonetic_char |
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key_kp3 = say_next_char |
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spk key_kp3 = bottom_edge |
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key_kp0 = spk_key |
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key_kpdot = say_position |
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spk key_kpdot = say_attributes |
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key_kpenter = speakup_quiet |
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spk key_kpenter = speakup_off |
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key_sysrq = speech_kill |
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key_kpslash = speakup_cut |
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spk key_kpslash = speakup_paste |
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spk key_pageup = say_first_char |
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spk key_pagedown = say_last_char |
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key_capslock = spk_key |
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spk key_z = spk_lock |
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key_leftmeta = spk_key |
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ctrl spk key_0 = speakup_goto |
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spk key_u = say_prev_line |
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spk key_i = say_line |
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double spk key_i = say_line_indent |
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spk key_o = say_next_line |
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spk key_minus = speakup_parked |
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shift spk key_minus = say_char_num |
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spk key_j = say_prev_word |
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spk key_k = say_word |
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double spk key_k = spell_word |
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spk key_l = say_next_word |
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spk key_m = say_prev_char |
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spk key_comma = say_char |
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double spk key_comma = say_phonetic_char |
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spk key_dot = say_next_char |
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spk key_n = say_position |
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ctrl spk key_m = left_edge |
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ctrl spk key_y = top_edge |
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ctrl spk key_dot = right_edge |
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ctrl spk key_p = bottom_edge |
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spk key_apostrophe = say_screen |
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spk key_h = say_from_left |
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spk key_y = say_from_top |
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spk key_semicolon = say_to_right |
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spk key_p = say_to_bottom |
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spk key_slash = say_attributes |
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spk key_enter = speakup_quiet |
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ctrl spk key_enter = speakup_off |
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spk key_9 = speakup_cut |
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spk key_8 = speakup_paste |
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shift spk key_m = say_first_char |
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ctrl spk key_semicolon = say_last_char |
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spk key_r = read_all_doc |
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5. The Speakup Sys System |
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The Speakup screen reader also creates a speakup subdirectory as a part |
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of the sys system. |
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As a convenience, run as root |
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ln -s /sys/accessibility/speakup /speakup |
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|
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to directly access speakup parameters from /speakup. |
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You can see these entries by typing the command: |
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ls -1 /speakup/* |
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If you issue the above ls command, you will get back something like |
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this: |
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/speakup/attrib_bleep |
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/speakup/bell_pos |
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/speakup/bleep_time |
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/speakup/bleeps |
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/speakup/cursor_time |
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/speakup/delimiters |
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/speakup/ex_num |
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/speakup/key_echo |
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/speakup/keymap |
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/speakup/no_interrupt |
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/speakup/punc_all |
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/speakup/punc_level |
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/speakup/punc_most |
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/speakup/punc_some |
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/speakup/reading_punc |
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/speakup/repeats |
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/speakup/say_control |
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/speakup/say_word_ctl |
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/speakup/silent |
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/speakup/spell_delay |
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/speakup/synth |
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/speakup/synth_direct |
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/speakup/version |
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/speakup/i18n: |
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announcements |
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characters |
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chartab |
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colors |
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ctl_keys |
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formatted |
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function_names |
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key_names |
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states |
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/speakup/soft: |
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caps_start |
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caps_stop |
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delay_time |
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direct |
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freq |
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full_time |
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jiffy_delta |
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pitch |
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inflection |
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punct |
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rate |
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tone |
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trigger_time |
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voice |
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vol |
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Notice the two subdirectories of /speakup: /speakup/i18n and |
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/speakup/soft. |
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The i18n subdirectory is described in a later section. |
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The files under /speakup/soft represent settings that are specific to the |
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driver for the software synthesizer. If you use the LiteTalk, your |
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synthesizer-specific settings would be found in /speakup/ltlk. In other words, |
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a subdirectory named /speakup/KWD is created to hold parameters specific |
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to the device whose keyword is KWD. |
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These parameters include volume, rate, pitch, and others. |
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|
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In addition to using the Speakup hot keys to change such things as |
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volume, pitch, and rate, you can also echo values to the appropriate |
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entry in the /speakup directory. This is very useful, since it |
|
lets you control Speakup parameters from within a script. How you |
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would write such scripts is somewhat beyond the scope of this manual, |
|
but I will include a couple of simple examples here to give you a |
|
general idea of what such scripts can do. |
|
|
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Suppose for example, that you wanted to control both the punctuation |
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level and the reading punctuation level at the same time. For |
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simplicity, we'll call them punc0, punc1, punc2, and punc3. The scripts |
|
might look something like this: |
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|
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#!/bin/bash |
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# punc0 |
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# set punc and reading punc levels to 0 |
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echo 0 >/speakup/punc_level |
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echo 0 >/speakup/reading_punc |
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echo Punctuation level set to 0. |
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|
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#!/bin/bash |
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# punc1 |
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# set punc and reading punc levels to 1 |
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echo 1 >/speakup/punc_level |
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echo 1 >/speakup/reading_punc |
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echo Punctuation level set to 1. |
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|
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#!/bin/bash |
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# punc2 |
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# set punc and reading punc levels to 2 |
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echo 2 >/speakup/punc_level |
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echo 2 >/speakup/reading_punc |
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echo Punctuation level set to 2. |
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|
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#!/bin/bash |
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# punc3 |
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# set punc and reading punc levels to 3 |
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echo 3 >/speakup/punc_level |
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echo 3 >/speakup/reading_punc |
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echo Punctuation level set to 3. |
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|
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If you were to store these four small scripts in a directory in your |
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path, perhaps /usr/local/bin, and set the permissions to 755 with the |
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chmod command, then you could change the default reading punc and |
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punctuation levels at the same time by issuing just one command. For |
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example, if you were to execute the punc3 command at your shell prompt, |
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then the reading punc and punc level would both get set to 3. |
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|
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I should note that the above scripts were written to work with bash, but |
|
regardless of which shell you use, you should be able to do something |
|
similar. |
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|
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The Speakup sys system also has another interesting use. You can echo |
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Speakup parameters into the sys system in a script during system |
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startup, and speakup will return to your preferred parameters every time |
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the system is rebooted. |
|
|
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Most of the Speakup sys parameters can be manipulated by a regular user |
|
on the system. However, there are a few parameters that are dangerous |
|
enough that they should only be manipulated by the root user on your |
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system. There are even some parameters that are read only, and cannot |
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be written to at all. For example, the version entry in the Speakup |
|
sys system is read only. This is because there is no reason for a user |
|
to tamper with the version number which is reported by Speakup. Doing |
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an ls -l on /speakup/version will return this: |
|
|
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-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 21 13:46 /speakup/version |
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|
|
As you can see, the version entry in the Speakup sys system is read |
|
only, is owned by root, and belongs to the root group. Doing a cat of |
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/speakup/version will display the Speakup version number, like |
|
this: |
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|
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cat /speakup/version |
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Speakup v-2.00 CVS: Thu Oct 21 10:38:21 EDT 2004 |
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synth dtlk version 1.1 |
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|
|
The display shows the Speakup version number, along with the version |
|
number of the driver for the current synthesizer. |
|
|
|
Looking at entries in the Speakup sys system can be useful in many |
|
ways. For example, you might wish to know what level your volume is set |
|
at. You could type: |
|
|
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cat /speakup/KWD/vol |
|
# Replace KWD with the keyword for your synthesizer, E.G., ltlk for LiteTalk. |
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5 |
|
|
|
The number five which comes back is the level at which the synthesizer |
|
volume is set at. |
|
|
|
All the entries in the Speakup sys system are readable, some are |
|
writable by root only, and some are writable by everyone. Unless you |
|
know what you are doing, you should probably leave the ones that are |
|
writable by root only alone. Most of the names are self explanatory. |
|
Vol for controlling volume, pitch for pitch, inflection for pitch range, rate |
|
for controlling speaking rate, etc. If you find one you aren't sure about, you |
|
can post a query on the Speakup list. |
|
|
|
6. Changing Synthesizers |
|
|
|
It is possible to change to a different synthesizer while speakup is |
|
running. In other words, it is not necessary to reboot the system |
|
in order to use a different synthesizer. You can simply echo the |
|
synthesizer keyword to the /speakup/synth sys entry. |
|
Depending on your situation, you may wish to echo none to the synth |
|
sys entry, to disable speech while one synthesizer is disconnected and |
|
a second one is connected in its place. Then echo the keyword for the |
|
new synthesizer into the synth sys entry in order to start speech |
|
with the newly connected synthesizer. See the list of synthesizer |
|
keywords in section 1 to find the keyword which matches your synth. |
|
|
|
7. Loading modules |
|
|
|
As mentioned earlier, Speakup can either be completely compiled into the |
|
kernel, with the exception of the help module, or it can be compiled as |
|
a series of modules. When compiled as modules, Speakup will only be |
|
able to speak some of the bootup messages if your system administrator |
|
has configured the system to load the modules at boo time. The modules |
|
can be loaded after the file systems have been checked and mounted, or |
|
from an initrd. There is a third possibility. Speakup can be compiled |
|
with some components built into the kernel, and others as modules. As |
|
we'll see in the next section, this is particularly useful when you are |
|
working with software synthesizers. |
|
|
|
If Speakup is completely compiled as modules, then you must use the |
|
modprobe command to load Speakup. You do this by loading the module for |
|
the synthesizer driver you wish to use. The driver modules are all |
|
named speakup_<keyword>, where <keyword> is the keyword for the |
|
synthesizer you want. So, in order to load the driver for the DecTalk |
|
Express, you would type the following command: |
|
|
|
modprobe speakup_dectlk |
|
|
|
Issuing this command would load the DecTalk Express driver and all other |
|
related Speakup modules necessary to get Speakup up and running. |
|
|
|
To completely unload Speakup, again presuming that it is entirely built |
|
as modules, you would give the command: |
|
|
|
modprobe -r speakup_dectlk |
|
|
|
The above command assumes you were running a DecTalk Express. If you |
|
were using a different synth, then you would substitute its keyword in |
|
place of dectlk. |
|
|
|
If you have multiple drivers loaded, you need to unload all of them, in |
|
order to completely unload Speakup. |
|
For example, if you have loaded both the dectlk and ltlk drivers, use the |
|
command: |
|
modprobe -r speakup_dectlk speakup_ltlk |
|
|
|
You cannot unload the driver for software synthesizers when a user-space |
|
daemon is using /dev/softsynth. First, kill the daemon. Next, remove |
|
the driver with the command: |
|
modprobe -r speakup_soft |
|
|
|
Now, suppose we have a situation where the main Speakup component |
|
is built into the kernel, and some or all of the drivers are built as |
|
modules. Since the main part of Speakup is compiled into the kernel, a |
|
partial Speakup sys system has been created which we can take advantage |
|
of by simply echoing the synthesizer keyword into the |
|
/speakup/synth sys entry. This will cause the kernel to |
|
automatically load the appropriate driver module, and start Speakup |
|
talking. To switch to another synth, just echo a new keyword to the |
|
synth sys entry. For example, to load the DoubleTalk LT driver, |
|
you would type: |
|
|
|
echo ltlk >/speakup/synth |
|
|
|
You can use the modprobe -r command to unload driver modules, regardless |
|
of whether the main part of Speakup has been built into the kernel or |
|
not. |
|
|
|
8. Using Software Synthesizers |
|
|
|
Using a software synthesizer requires that some other software be |
|
installed and running on your system. For this reason, software |
|
synthesizers are not available for use at bootup, or during a system |
|
installation process. |
|
There are two freely-available solutions for software speech: Espeakup and |
|
Speech Dispatcher. |
|
These are described in subsections 8.1 and 8.2, respectively. |
|
|
|
During the rest of this section, we assume that speakup_soft is either |
|
built in to your kernel, or loaded as a module. |
|
|
|
If your system does not have udev installed , before you can use a |
|
software synthesizer, you must have created the /dev/softsynth device. |
|
If you have not already done so, issue the following commands as root: |
|
|
|
cd /dev |
|
mknod softsynth c 10 26 |
|
|
|
While we are at it, we might just as well create the /dev/synth device, |
|
which can be used to let user space programs send information to your |
|
synthesizer. To create /dev/synth, change to the /dev directory, and |
|
issue the following command as root: |
|
|
|
mknod synth c 10 25 |
|
|
|
of both. |
|
|
|
8.1. Espeakup |
|
|
|
Espeakup is a connector between Speakup and the eSpeak software synthesizer. |
|
Espeakup may already be available as a package for your distribution |
|
of Linux. If it is not packaged, you need to install it manually. |
|
You can find it in the contrib/ subdirectory of the Speakup sources. |
|
The filename is espeakup-$VERSION.tar.bz2, where $VERSION |
|
depends on the current release of Espeakup. The Speakup 3.1.2 source |
|
ships with version 0.71 of Espeakup. |
|
The README file included with the Espeakup sources describes the process |
|
of manual installation. |
|
|
|
Assuming that Espeakup is installed, either by the user or by the distributor, |
|
follow these steps to use it. |
|
|
|
Tell Speakup to use the "soft driver: |
|
echo soft > /speakup/synth |
|
|
|
Finally, start the espeakup program. There are two ways to do it. |
|
Both require root privileges. |
|
|
|
If Espeakup was installed as a package for your Linux distribution, |
|
you probably have a distribution-specific script that controls the operation |
|
of the daemon. Look for a file named espeakup under /etc/init.d or |
|
/etc/rc.d. Execute the following command with root privileges: |
|
/etc/init.d/espeakup start |
|
Replace init.d with rc.d, if your distribution uses scripts located under |
|
/etc/rc.d. |
|
Your distribution will also have a procedure for starting daemons at |
|
boot-time, so it is possible to have software speech as soon as user-space |
|
daemons are started by the bootup scripts. |
|
These procedures are not described in this document. |
|
|
|
If you built Espeakup manually, the "make install" step placed the binary |
|
under /usr/bin. |
|
Run the following command as root: |
|
/usr/bin/espeakup |
|
Espeakup should start speaking. |
|
|
|
8.2. Speech Dispatcher |
|
|
|
For this option, you must have a package called |
|
Speech Dispatcher running on your system, and it must be configured to |
|
work with one of its supported software synthesizers. |
|
|
|
Two open source synthesizers you might use are Flite and Festival. You |
|
might also choose to purchase the Software DecTalk from Fonix Sales Inc. |
|
If you run a google search for Fonix, you'll find their web site. |
|
|
|
You can obtain a copy of Speech Dispatcher from free(b)soft at |
|
http://www.freebsoft.org/. Follow the installation instructions that |
|
come with Speech Dispatcher in order to install and configure Speech |
|
Dispatcher. You can check out the web site for your Linux distribution |
|
in order to get a copy of either Flite or Festival. Your Linux |
|
distribution may also have a precompiled Speech Dispatcher package. |
|
|
|
Once you've installed, configured, and tested Speech Dispatcher with your |
|
chosen software synthesizer, you still need one more piece of software |
|
in order to make things work. You need a package called speechd-up. |
|
You get it from the free(b)soft web site mentioned above. After you've |
|
compiled and installed speechd-up, you are almost ready to begin using |
|
your software synthesizer. |
|
|
|
Now you can begin using your software synthesizer. In order to do so, |
|
echo the soft keyword to the synth sys entry like this: |
|
|
|
echo soft >/speakup/synth |
|
|
|
Next run the speechd_up command like this: |
|
|
|
speechd_up & |
|
|
|
Your synth should now start talking, and you should be able to adjust |
|
the pitch, rate, etc. |
|
|
|
9. Using The DecTalk PC Card |
|
|
|
The DecTalk PC card is an ISA card that is inserted into one of the ISA |
|
slots in your computer. It requires that the DecTalk PC software be |
|
installed on your computer, and that the software be loaded onto the |
|
Dectalk PC card before it can be used. |
|
|
|
You can get the dec_pc.tgz file from the linux-speakup.org site. The |
|
dec_pc.tgz file is in the ~ftp/pub/linux/speakup directory. |
|
|
|
After you have downloaded the dec_pc.tgz file, untar it in your home |
|
directory, and read the Readme file in the newly created dec_pc |
|
directory. |
|
|
|
The easiest way to get the software working is to copy the entire dec_pc |
|
directory into /user/local/lib. To do this, su to root in your home |
|
directory, and issue the command: |
|
|
|
cp dec_pc /usr/local/lib |
|
|
|
You will need to copy the dtload command from the dec_pc directory to a |
|
directory in your path. Either /usr/bin or /usr/local/bin is a good |
|
choice. |
|
|
|
You can now run the dtload command in order to load the DecTalk PC |
|
software onto the card. After you have done this, echo the decpc |
|
keyword to the synth entry in the sys system like this: |
|
|
|
echo decpc >/speakup/synth |
|
|
|
Your DecTalk PC should start talking, and then you can adjust the pitch, |
|
rate, volume, voice, etc. The voice entry in the Speakup sys system |
|
will accept a number from 0 through 7 for the DecTalk PC synthesizer, |
|
which will give you access to some of the DecTalk voices. |
|
|
|
10. Using Cursor Tracking |
|
|
|
In Speakup version 2.0 and later, cursor tracking is turned on by |
|
default. This means that when you are using an editor, Speakup will |
|
automatically speak characters as you move left and right with the |
|
cursor keys, and lines as you move up and down with the cursor keys. |
|
This is the traditional sort of cursor tracking. |
|
Recent versions of Speakup provide two additional ways to control the |
|
text that is spoken when the cursor is moved: |
|
"highlight tracking" and "read window." |
|
They are described later in this section. |
|
Sometimes, these modes get in your way, so you can disable cursor tracking |
|
altogether. |
|
|
|
You may select among the various forms of cursor tracking using the keypad |
|
asterisk key. |
|
Each time you press this key, a new mode is selected, and Speakup speaks |
|
the name of the new mode. The names for the four possible states of cursor |
|
tracking are: "cursoring on", "highlight tracking", "read window", |
|
and "cursoring off." The keypad asterisk key moves through the list of |
|
modes in a circular fashion. |
|
|
|
If highlight tracking is enabled, Speakup tracks highlighted text, |
|
rather than the cursor itself. When you move the cursor with the arrow keys, |
|
Speakup speaks the currently highlighted information. |
|
This is useful when moving through various menus and dialog boxes. |
|
If cursor tracking isn't helping you while navigating a menu, |
|
try highlight tracking. |
|
|
|
With the "read window" variety of cursor tracking, you can limit the text |
|
that Speakup speaks by specifying a window of interest on the screen. |
|
See section 15 for a description of the process of defining windows. |
|
When you move the cursor via the arrow keys, Speakup only speaks |
|
the contents of the window. This is especially helpful when you are hearing |
|
superfluous speech. Consider the following example. |
|
|
|
Suppose that you are at a shell prompt. You use bash, and you want to |
|
explore your command history using the up and down arrow keys. If you |
|
have enabled cursor tracking, you will hear two pieces of information. |
|
Speakup speaks both your shell prompt and the current entry from the |
|
command history. You may not want to hear the prompt repeated |
|
each time you move, so you can silence it by specifying a window. Find |
|
the last line of text on the screen. Clear the current window by pressing |
|
the key combination speakup f3. Use the review cursor to find the first |
|
character that follows your shell prompt. Press speakup + f2 twice, to |
|
define a one-line window. The boundaries of the window are the |
|
character following the shell prompt and the end of the line. Now, cycle |
|
through the cursor tracking modes using keypad asterisk, until Speakup |
|
says "read window." Move through your history using your arrow keys. |
|
You will notice that Speakup no longer speaks the redundant prompt. |
|
|
|
Some folks like to turn cursor tracking off while they are using the |
|
lynx web browser. You definitely want to turn cursor tracking off when |
|
you are using the alsamixer application. Otherwise, you won't be able |
|
to hear your mixer settings while you are using the arrow keys. |
|
|
|
11. Cut and Paste |
|
|
|
One of Speakup's more useful features is the ability to cut and paste |
|
text on the screen. This means that you can capture information from a |
|
program, and paste that captured text into a different place in the |
|
program, or into an entirely different program, which may even be |
|
running on a different console. |
|
|
|
For example, in this manual, we have made references to several web |
|
sites. It would be nice if you could cut and paste these urls into your |
|
web browser. Speakup does this quite nicely. Suppose you wanted to |
|
past the following url into your browser: |
|
|
|
http://linux-speakup.org/ |
|
|
|
Use the speakup review keys to position the reading cursor on the first |
|
character of the above url. When the reading cursor is in position, |
|
press the keypad slash key once. Speakup will say, "mark". Next, |
|
position the reading cursor on the rightmost character of the above |
|
url. Press the keypad slash key once again to actually cut the text |
|
from the screen. Speakup will say, "cut". Although we call this |
|
cutting, Speakup does not actually delete the cut text from the screen. |
|
It makes a copy of the text in a special buffer for later pasting. |
|
|
|
Now that you have the url cut from the screen, you can paste it into |
|
your browser, or even paste the url on a command line as an argument to |
|
your browser. |
|
|
|
Suppose you want to start lynx and go to the Speakup site. |
|
|
|
You can switch to a different console with the alt left and right |
|
arrows, or you can switch to a specific console by typing alt and a |
|
function key. These are not Speakup commands, just standard Linux |
|
console capabilities. |
|
|
|
Once you've changed to an appropriate console, and are at a shell prompt, |
|
type the word lynx, followed by a space. Now press and hold the speakup |
|
key, while you type the keypad slash character. The url will be pasted |
|
onto the command line, just as though you had typed it in. Press the |
|
enter key to execute the command. |
|
|
|
The paste buffer will continue to hold the cut information, until a new |
|
mark and cut operation is carried out. This means you can paste the cut |
|
information as many times as you like before doing another cut |
|
operation. |
|
|
|
You are not limited to cutting and pasting only one line on the screen. |
|
You can also cut and paste rectangular regions of the screen. Just |
|
position the reading cursor at the top left corner of the text to be |
|
cut, mark it with the keypad slash key, then position the reading cursor |
|
at the bottom right corner of the region to be cut, and cut it with the |
|
keypad slash key. |
|
|
|
12. Changing the Pronunciation of Characters |
|
|
|
Through the /speakup/i18n/characters sys entry, Speakup gives you the |
|
ability to change how Speakup pronounces a given character. You could, |
|
for example, change how some punctuation characters are spoken. You can |
|
even change how Speakup will pronounce certain letters. |
|
|
|
You may, for example, wish to change how Speakup pronounces the z |
|
character. The author of Speakup, Kirk Reiser, is Canadian, and thus |
|
believes that the z should be pronounced zed. If you are an American, |
|
you might wish to use the zee pronunciation instead of zed. You can |
|
change the pronunciation of both the upper and lower case z with the |
|
following two commands: |
|
|
|
echo 90 zee >/speakup/characters |
|
echo 122 zee >/speakup/characters |
|
|
|
Let's examine the parts of the two previous commands. They are issued |
|
at the shell prompt, and could be placed in a startup script. |
|
|
|
The word echo tells the shell that you want to have it display the |
|
string of characters that follow the word echo. If you were to just |
|
type: |
|
|
|
echo hello. |
|
|
|
You would get the word hello printed on your screen as soon as you |
|
pressed the enter key. In this case, we are echoing strings that we |
|
want to be redirected into the sys system. |
|
|
|
The numbers 90 and 122 in the above echo commands are the ascii numeric |
|
values for the upper and lower case z, the characters we wish to change. |
|
|
|
The string zee is the pronunciation that we want Speakup to use for the |
|
upper and lower case z. |
|
|
|
The > symbol redirects the output of the echo command to a file, just |
|
like in DOS, or at the Windows command prompt. |
|
|
|
And finally, /speakup/i18n/characters is the file entry in the sys system |
|
where we want the output to be directed. Speakup looks at the numeric |
|
value of the character we want to change, and inserts the pronunciation |
|
string into an internal table. |
|
|
|
You can look at the whole table with the following command: |
|
|
|
cat /speakup/i18n/characters |
|
|
|
Speakup will then print out the entire character pronunciation table. I |
|
won't display it here, but leave you to look at it at your convenience. |
|
|
|
13. Mapping Keys |
|
|
|
Speakup has the capability of allowing you to assign or "map" keys to |
|
internal Speakup commands. This section necessarily assumes you have a |
|
Linux kernel source tree installed, and that it has been patched and |
|
configured with Speakup. How you do this is beyond the scope of this |
|
manual. For this information, visit the Speakup web site at |
|
http://linux-speakup.org/. The reason you'll need the kernel source |
|
tree patched with Speakup is that the genmap utility you'll need for |
|
processing keymaps is in the |
|
/usr/src/linux-<version_number>/drivers/char/speakup directory. The |
|
<version_number> in the above directory path is the version number of |
|
the Linux source tree you are working with. |
|
|
|
So ok, you've gone off and gotten your kernel source tree, and patched |
|
and configured it. Now you can start manipulating keymaps. |
|
|
|
You can either use the |
|
/usr/src/linux-<version_number>/drivers/char/speakup/speakupmap.map file |
|
included with the Speakup source, or you can cut and paste the copy in |
|
section 4 into a separate file. If you use the one in the Speakup |
|
source tree, make sure you make a backup of it before you start making |
|
changes. You have been warned! |
|
|
|
Suppose that you want to swap the key assignments for the Speakup |
|
say_last_char and the Speakup say_first_char commands. The |
|
speakupmap.map lists the key mappings for these two commands as follows: |
|
|
|
spk key_pageup = say_first_char |
|
spk key_pagedown = say_last_char |
|
|
|
You can edit your copy of the speakupmap.map file and swap the command |
|
names on the right side of the = (equals) sign. You did make a backup, |
|
right? The new keymap lines would look like this: |
|
|
|
spk key_pageup = say_last_char |
|
spk key_pagedown = say_first_char |
|
|
|
After you edit your copy of the speakupmap.map file, save it under a new |
|
file name, perhaps newmap.map. Then exit your editor and return to the |
|
shell prompt. |
|
|
|
You are now ready to load your keymap with your swapped key assignments. |
|
Assuming that you saved your new keymap as the file newmap.map, you |
|
would load your keymap into the sys system like this: |
|
|
|
/usr/src/linux-<version_number>/drivers/char/speakup/genmap newmap.map |
|
>/speakup/keymap |
|
|
|
Remember to substitute your kernel version number for the |
|
<version_number> in the above command. Also note that although the |
|
above command wrapped onto two lines in this document, you should type |
|
it all on one line. |
|
|
|
Your say first and say last characters should now be swapped. Pressing |
|
speakup pagedown should read you the first non-whitespace character on |
|
the line your reading cursor is in, and pressing speakup pageup should |
|
read you the last character on the line your reading cursor is in. |
|
|
|
You should note that these new mappings will only stay in effect until |
|
you reboot, or until you load another keymap. |
|
|
|
One final warning. If you try to load a partial map, you will quickly |
|
find that all the mappings you didn't include in your file got deleted |
|
from the working map. Be extremely careful, and always make a backup! |
|
You have been warned! |
|
|
|
14. Internationalizing Speakup |
|
|
|
Speakup indicates various conditions to the user by speaking messages. |
|
For instance, when you move to the left edge of the screen with the |
|
review keys, Speakup says, "left." |
|
Prior to version 3.1.0 of Speakup, all of these messages were in English, |
|
and they could not be changed. If you used a non-English synthesizer, |
|
you still heard English messages, such as "left" and "cursoring on." |
|
In version 3.1.0 or higher, one may load translations for the various |
|
messages via the /sys filesystem. |
|
|
|
The directory /speakup/i18n contains several collections of messages. |
|
Each group of messages is stored in its own file. |
|
The following section lists all of these files, along with a brief description |
|
of each. |
|
|
|
14.1. Files Under the i18n Subdirectory |
|
|
|
* announcements: |
|
This file contains various general announcements, most of which cannot |
|
be categorized. You will find messages such as "You killed Speakup", |
|
"I'm alive", "leaving help", "parked", "unparked", and others. |
|
You will also find the names of the screen edges and cursor tracking modes |
|
here. |
|
|
|
* characters: |
|
See section 12 for a description of this file. |
|
|
|
* chartab: |
|
See section 12. Unlike the rest of the files in the i18n subdirectory, |
|
this one does not contain messages to be spoken. |
|
|
|
* colors: |
|
When you use the "say attributes" function, Speakup says the name of the |
|
foreground and background colors. These names come from the i18n/colors |
|
file. |
|
|
|
* ctl_keys: |
|
Here, you will find names of control keys. These are used with Speakup's |
|
say_control feature. |
|
|
|
* formatted: |
|
This group of messages contains embedded formatting codes, to specify |
|
the type and width of displayed data. If you change these, you must |
|
preserve all of the formatting codes, and they must appear in the order |
|
used by the default messages. |
|
|
|
* function_names: |
|
Here, you will find a list of names for Speakup functions. These are used |
|
by the help system. For example, suppose that you have activated help mode, |
|
and you pressed keypad 3. Speakup says: |
|
"keypad 3 is character, say next." |
|
The message "character, say next" names a Speakup function, and it |
|
comes from this function_names file. |
|
|
|
* key_names: |
|
Again, key_names is used by Speakup's help system. In the previous |
|
example, Speakup said that you pressed "keypad 3." |
|
This name came from the key_names file. |
|
|
|
* states: |
|
This file contains names for key states. |
|
Again, these are part of the help system. For instance, if you had pressed |
|
speakup + keypad 3, you would hear: |
|
"speakup keypad 3 is go to bottom edge." |
|
The speakup key is depressed, so the name of the key state is speakup. |
|
This part of the message comes from the states collection. |
|
|
|
14.2. Changing language |
|
|
|
14.2.1. Loading Your Own Messages |
|
|
|
The files under the i18n subdirectory all follow the same format. |
|
They consist of lines, with one message per line. |
|
Each message is represented by a number, followed by the text of the message. |
|
The number is the position of the message in the given collection. |
|
For example, if you view the file /speakup/i18n/colors, you will see the |
|
following list: |
|
|
|
0 black |
|
1 blue |
|
2 green |
|
3 cyan |
|
4 red |
|
5 magenta |
|
6 yellow |
|
7 white |
|
8 grey |
|
|
|
You can change one message, or you can change a whole group. |
|
To load a whole collection of messages from a new source, simply use |
|
the cp command: |
|
cp ~/my_colors /speakup/i18n/colors |
|
You can change an individual message with the echo command, |
|
as shown in the following example. |
|
|
|
The Spanish name for the color blue is azul. |
|
Looking at the colors file, we see that the name "blue" is at position 1 |
|
within the colors group. Let's change blue to azul: |
|
echo '1 azul' > /speakup/i18n/colors |
|
The next time that Speakup says message 1 from the colors group, it will |
|
say "azul", rather than "blue." |
|
|
|
14.2.2. Choose a language |
|
|
|
In the future, translations into various languages will be made available, |
|
and most users will just load the files necessary for their language. So far, |
|
only French language is available beyond native Canadian English language. |
|
|
|
French is only available after you are logged in. |
|
|
|
Canadian English is the default language. To toggle another language, |
|
download the source of Speakup and untar it in your home directory. The |
|
following command should let you do this: |
|
|
|
tar xvjf speakup-<version>.tar.bz2 |
|
|
|
where <version> is the version number of the application. |
|
|
|
Next, change to the newly created directory, then into the tools/ directory, and |
|
run the script speakup_setlocale. You are asked the language that you want to |
|
use. Type the number associated to your language (e.g. fr for French) then press |
|
Enter. Needed files are copied in the i18n directory. |
|
|
|
Note: the speakupconf must be installed on your system so that settings are saved. |
|
Otherwise, you will have an error: your language will be loaded but you will |
|
have to run the script again every time Speakup restarts. |
|
See section 16.1. for information about speakupconf. |
|
|
|
You will have to repeat these steps for any change of locale, i.e. if you wish |
|
change the speakup's language or charset (iso-8859-15 ou UTF-8). |
|
|
|
If you wish store the settings, note that at your next login, you will need to |
|
do: |
|
|
|
speakup load |
|
|
|
Alternatively, you can add the above line to your file |
|
~/.bashrc or ~/.bash_profile. |
|
|
|
If your system administrator ran himself the script, all the users will be able |
|
to change from English to the language choosed by root and do directly |
|
speakupconf load (or add this to the ~/.bashrc or |
|
~/.bash_profile file). If there are several languages to handle, the |
|
administrator (or every user) will have to run the first steps until speakupconf |
|
save, choosing the appropriate language, in every user's home directory. Every |
|
user will then be able to do speakupconf load, Speakup will load his own settings. |
|
|
|
14.3. No Support for Non-Western-European Languages |
|
|
|
As of the current release, Speakup only supports Western European languages. |
|
Support for the extended characters used by languages outside of the Western |
|
European family of languages is a work in progress. |
|
|
|
15. Using Speakup's Windowing Capability |
|
|
|
Speakup has the capability of defining and manipulating windows on the |
|
screen. Speakup uses the term "Window", to mean a user defined area of |
|
the screen. The key strokes for defining and manipulating Speakup |
|
windows are as follows: |
|
|
|
speakup + f2 -- Set the bounds of the window. |
|
Speakup + f3 -- clear the current window definition. |
|
speakup + f4 -- Toggle window silence on and off. |
|
speakup + keypad plus -- Say the currently defined window. |
|
|
|
These capabilities are useful for tracking a certain part of the screen |
|
without rereading the whole screen, or for silencing a part of the |
|
screen that is constantly changing, such as a clock or status line. |
|
|
|
There is no way to save these window settings, and you can only have one |
|
window defined for each virtual console. There is also no way to have |
|
windows automatically defined for specific applications. |
|
|
|
In order to define a window, use the review keys to move your reading |
|
cursor to the beginning of the area you want to define. Then press |
|
speakup + f2. Speakup will tell you that the window starts at the |
|
indicated row and column position. Then move the reading cursor to the |
|
end of the area to be defined as a window, and press speakup + f2 again. |
|
If there is more than one line in the window, Speakup will tell you |
|
that the window ends at the indicated row and column position. If there |
|
is only one line in the window, then Speakup will tell you that the |
|
window is the specified line on the screen. If you are only defining a |
|
one line window, you can just press speakup + f2 twice after placing the |
|
reading cursor on the line you want to define as a window. It is not |
|
necessary to position the reading cursor at the end of the line in order |
|
to define the whole line as a window. |
|
|
|
16. Tools for Controlling Speakup |
|
|
|
The speakup distribution includes extra tools (in the tools directory) |
|
which were written to make speakup easier to use. This section will |
|
briefly describe the use of these tools. |
|
|
|
16.1. Speakupconf |
|
|
|
speakupconf began life as a contribution from Steve Holmes, a member of |
|
the speakup community. We would like to thank him for his work on the |
|
early versions of this project. |
|
|
|
This script may be installed as part of your linux distribution, but if |
|
it isn't, the recommended places to put it are /usr/local/bin or |
|
/usr/bin. This script can be run by any user, so it does not require |
|
root privileges. |
|
|
|
Speakupconf allows you to save and load your Speakup settings. It works |
|
by reading and writing the /sys files described above. |
|
|
|
The directory that speakupconf uses to store your settings depends on |
|
whether it is run from the root account. If you execute speakupconf as |
|
root, it uses the directory /etc/speakup. Otherwise, it uses the directory |
|
~/.speakup, where ~ is your home directory. |
|
Anyone who needs to use Speakup from your console can load his own custom |
|
settings with this script. |
|
|
|
speakupconf takes one required argument: load or save. |
|
Use the command |
|
speakupconf save |
|
to save your Speakup settings, and |
|
speakupconf load |
|
to load them into Speakup. |
|
A second argument may be specified to use an alternate directory to |
|
load or save the speakup parameters. |
|
|
|
16.2. Talkwith |
|
|
|
Charles Hallenbeck, another member of the speakup community, wrote the |
|
initial versions of this script, and we would also like to thank him for |
|
his work on it. |
|
|
|
This script needs root privileges to run, so if it is not installed as |
|
part of your linux distribution, the recommended places to install it |
|
are /usr/local/sbin or /usr/sbin. |
|
|
|
Talkwith allows you to switch synthesizers on the fly. It takes a synthesizer |
|
name as an argument. For instance, |
|
talkwith dectlk |
|
causes Speakup to use the DecTalk Express. If you wish to switch to a |
|
software synthesizer, you must also indicate which daemon you wish to |
|
use. There are two possible choices: |
|
spd and espeakup. spd is an abbreviation for speechd-up. |
|
If you wish to use espeakup for software synthesis, give the command |
|
talkwith soft espeakup |
|
To use speechd-up, type: |
|
talkwith soft spd |
|
Any arguments that follow the name of the daemon are passed to the daemon |
|
when it is invoked. For instance: |
|
talkwith espeakup --default-voice=fr |
|
causes espeakup to use the French voice. |
|
Note that talkwith must always be executed with root privileges. |
|
|
|
Talkwith does not attempt to load your settings after the new |
|
synthesizer is activated. You can use speakupconf to load your settings |
|
if desired. |
|
|
|
GNU Free Documentation License |
|
Version 1.2, November 2002 |
|
|
|
|
|
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
|
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies |
|
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. |
|
|
|
|
|
0. PREAMBLE |
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|
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other |
|
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to |
|
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, |
|
with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. |
|
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way |
|
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible |
|
for modifications made by others. |
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This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative |
|
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It |
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complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft |
|
license designed for free software. |
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We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free |
|
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free |
|
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the |
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software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; |
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it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or |
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whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License |
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principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. |
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1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS |
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This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that |
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contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be |
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world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that |
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work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, |
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licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you |
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copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission |
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A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the |
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A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of |
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The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles |
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The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, |
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A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, |
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An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount |
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Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain |
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The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, |
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A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose |
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The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which |
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Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this |
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License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other |
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2. VERBATIM COPYING |
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You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either |
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commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the |
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copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies |
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to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other |
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conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use |
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copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept |
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compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough |
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You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and |
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you may publicly display copies. |
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3. COPYING IN QUANTITY |
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If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have |
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printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the |
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Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the |
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copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover |
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Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on |
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you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present |
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Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve |
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If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit |
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If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering |
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It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the |
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You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under |
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E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications |
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K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", |
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Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all |
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The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License |
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5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS |
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You may combine the Document with other documents released under this |
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The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and |
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Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of |
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In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" |
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and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections |
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6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS |
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You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents |
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You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute |
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7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS |
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A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate |
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and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or |
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distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright |
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resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights |
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of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. |
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When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not |
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apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves |
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derivative works of the Document. |
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If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these |
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copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of |
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the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on |
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covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the |
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electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. |
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Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole |
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aggregate. |
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8. TRANSLATION |
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Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may |
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distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. |
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Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special |
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permission from their copyright holders, but you may include |
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translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the |
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original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a |
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translation of this License, and all the license notices in the |
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Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include |
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the original English version of this License and the original versions |
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of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between |
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the translation and the original version of this License or a notice |
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or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. |
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If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", |
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"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve |
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its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual |
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title. |
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9. TERMINATION |
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You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except |
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as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to |
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copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will |
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automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, |
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parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this |
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License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such |
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parties remain in full compliance. |
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10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE |
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The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions |
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of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new |
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versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may |
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differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See |
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https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. |
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Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. |
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If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this |
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License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of |
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following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or |
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of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the |
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Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version |
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number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not |
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as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. |
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ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents |
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To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of |
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the License in the document and put the following copyright and |
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license notices just after the title page: |
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Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. |
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 |
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or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; |
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with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. |
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A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU |
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Free Documentation License". |
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If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, |
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replace the "with...Texts." line with this: |
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with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the |
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Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. |
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If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other |
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combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the |
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situation. |
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If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we |
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recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of |
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free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, |
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to permit their use in free software. |
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The End.
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